Peptides are numerous and variable in chemical structure, therefore their uses are wide-ranging. Peptide therapy addresses numerous conditions including immunosuppression, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Lyme disease, fibromyalgia, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Irritable bowel syndrome, sexual dysfunction, anxiety, and brain fog. At Text2MD, we assign names to our peptides based on their treatment purposes, while also including their scientific peptide names below.
WHAT IS PEPTIDE THERAPY?
A peptide is a short chain of amino acids that are linked together and can be thought of as a small protein. In our bodies, these proteins typically act as signaling molecules. They bind to receptors on cell surfaces and tell other cells and molecules how to function.
The use of peptides as part of a standard medication regimen has recently gained attention because peptides are safe, effective, and have targeted functions in the body resulting in minimal to no side effects. In the past, peptides have only been available through injection therapy. However, at Text2MD we partner with pharmacies that compound peptides into sublingual tablets, which dissolve under the tongue, oral capsules, and intranasal sprays (depending on the peptide). These dosage forms are non-invasive and allow for an easier dosing schedule.
WHAT CONDITIONS ARE PEPTIDES USED TO TREAT?
Peptides are numerous and variable in chemical structure, therefore their uses are wide-ranging. Peptide therapy addresses numerous conditions including immunosuppression, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Lyme disease, fibromyalgia, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Irritable bowel syndrome, sexual dysfunction, anxiety, and brain fog. At Text2MD we name our peptides based on what they treat, however, the scientific peptide names are also included below.
PEPTIDES OFFERED AT TEXT2MD:
KPV
KPV is a tripeptide (lysine-proline-valine) that functions as a potent anti-inflammatory, helps to stabilize mast cells, functions as an anti-microbial, and is selectively effective in the wound healing process.
Common primary uses for KPV include SIBO, Ulcerative Colitis, IBD, mast cell stabilization, eczema, and psoriasis.
Ulcerative Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, and Mast Cell Stabilization
KPV is an alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) derivative that reduces inflammation primarily in the intestines by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine synthesis and secretion.
In general, alpha-MSH and its derivatives are highly effective anti-inflammatories, however, alpha-MSH itself elicits the major side-effect of skin pigmentation. KPV, however, does not carry this side effect.
KPV may be a more effective and targeted means of reducing inflammation in IBD via its effects on TNF-alpha, but without affecting TNF-alpha in other locations of the body. KPV also reduces NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. These effects work together with TNF-alpha inhibition to reduce inflammatory changes in the intestine and reduce colonic infiltration.
The American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine suggests a protocol for SIBO which includes BPC-157 and KPV (among others). KPV is suggested at 0.5mg cap BID x 2 weeks then may reduce the dose going forward, and it also fights to eradicate candida.
KPV demonstrates effectiveness primarily in excessively inflamed tissues, with minimal to no impact on normal tissues. This is partly attributed to KPV’s entry through colonic cells via PepT1 channels, which are significantly expressed in the intestine primarily during states of inflammation.
Anti-inflammatory/anti-microbial:
Peptide therapy with KPV exhibits anti-inflammatory benefits partially through innate immunity, fighting two common pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.
Note: KPV works synergistically with thymosin alpha-1 for chronic pain, inflammation, gut, and immune dysregulation.
Wound Healing:
Each stage of the wound healing process exhibits different characteristics, but most cells express melanocortin 1 receptors (MC1R) which bind alpha-MSH hormone, therefore alpha-MSH analogs such as KPV also bind. Because KPV offers the anti-inflammatory properties of alpha-MSH without being pigment-inducing, it is a good candidate for wound healing without changing the characteristics of the skin.
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide) – 50mcg/spray
VIP is a peptide naturally produced by tissues of the gut, pancreas, gallbladder, and hypothalamus.
Actions of VIP in the body include: Vasodilation to assist in blood pressure regulation, GI tract epithelial cell secretion and blood flow – increasing water and electrolytes in the GI tract, relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle, exerting a positive effect on hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons, hormone balancing, and aromatase inhibiting effect – corrects estradiol, 25-OH Vitamin D, and testosterone in males, downregulation of th1 responses and controlling cytokine responses to restore immunoregulation, especially following infections by intracellular bacteria and viruses.
Benefits:
Side-effects: Well-tolerated with few side-effects. Side effects are reported following the IV infusion of VIP (aviptadil) – alterations in blood pressure, heart rate, or ECG, and diarrhea. These side effects are minimal with intranasal administration.
Dosage and Route:
Compounded as VIP 50mcg/spray intranasal spray
Typical instructions are to instill 50mcg (1 spray) intranasally in alternating nostrils, up to 4 times daily. The duration of therapy for intranasal treatment is tested, commonly used, and deemed safe for at least 18 months.
DSIP – 0.2mg, 0.4mg sublingual tablet
DSIP (Delta sleep-inducing peptide) is a neuromodulator peptide that has been shown to promote sleep at low doses. DSIP freely crosses the blood-brain barrier and is readily absorbed from the gut without being denatured by enzymes. Administration of DSIP does not induce tolerance and is not a sedative. DSIP in normal physiological concentrations exhibits a marked diurnal variation and correlates with the circadian rhythm. DSIP concentrations are generally low in the mornings and higher in the afternoons.
DSIP also exhibits a pronounced stress-protective action and decreases stress-induced metabolic and functional disorders. DSIP promotes the modulation of central regulatory processes, working as a systemic antioxidant and modulating GABA, glutamate, and other neuronal systems. DSIP may be the principal endogenous sleep factor and specifically promotes the delta rhythm of sleep as indicated on an EEG.
Benefits:
Side Effects: Potential to disrupt sleep. If this occurs, dosing should be moved up earlier in the day until sleep disruption is no longer experienced.
Considerations: Potential drug interaction between DSIP and drugs that inhibit or are themselves metabolized by peptidases (ie: ACEs such as Captopril). Variations in the literature report that ACTH concentrations may or may not be affected. DSIP may increase Growth Hormone and stimulate the release of LH.
Dosage and Route: Sublingual tablets are dissolved under the tongue roughly 2-3 hours prior to bedtime, on an empty stomach, depending on individual patient response.
Additional Information: DSIP produced by a nursing mother naturally passes through her breast milk to encourage the nursing infant to sleep following feeding. Therefore, a nursing mother who currently takes compounded DSIP should expect that sleep will be induced in her nursing infant.
GHK-Cu – 2.5mg, 5mg sublingual tablet
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper complex peptide that works by promoting activation of wound healing, attracting immune cells, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, stimulating collagen and synthesis of skin fibroblasts following tissue injury, and promoting blood vessel growth and synthesis of neurotrophic factors. GHK-Cu plays a role in appropriate gene functioning and in preventing age-associated cognitive decline and neurodegenerative conditions.
As the bodily concentration of GHK-Cu declines with age, there is a consequential increase in inflammation, cancerous activity, and tissue destruction. Clinically, GHK-Cu is most widely used to improve hair growth, decrease fine lines and wrinkles, and promote wound healing through increased circulation and collagen production. GHK-Cu may also be used to down-regulate over-expressed genes linked to various cancers.
Benefits:
Side Effects: None reported with sublingual delivery.
Considerations: Assess reasonable copper levels based on patient status. Although GHK-Cu has notably suppressed various metastatic cancers, consider increased angiogenesis in patients with tumors present. Due to anticoagulation properties, consider interaction with other anticoagulation medications.
Dosage and Route: GHK-Cu is compounded into sublingual tablets to be dissolved under the tongue. It is recommended that GHK-Cu be taken on an empty stomach.
Additional Information: GHK-Cu tablets can be faint purple in color.
Picture from Australian Biobest Biotechnology Service
Dihexa – 1mg, 2mg, 5mg oral capsule
Dihexa is an orally active peptide and nootropic drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier and may be used to improve cognitive functions related to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease, as well as trauma-based brain disorders. Unlike other drugs used to treat such conditions which only slow their progression, Dihexa offers new synapse formation, helping to overcome memory and motor dysfunction. Dihexa is often used to increase mental stamina, creative thinking, social intuition, and conversational skills. Peptide therapy with Dihexa may also be used to manage depression and to improve short and long-term memory.
Benefits:
Side Effects: Possible jitters and irritability upon discontinuation. Hence, it is advisable to consult with your physician regarding the dosing schedule. This may potentially lead to an increase in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a naturally occurring substance in the body that is released at higher levels to aid in the recovery from synapse damage.
Dosage and Route: Take oral capsule(s) by mouth on an empty stomach and as directed by your prescriber. The most common doses are 1mg, 2mg, and 5mg capsules
once daily.
Thymosin Beta 4 (TB4-Frag, TB4-Frag Max )
TB4-Frag is a synthetic peptide derived from a naturally occurring protein called thymosin beta-4. It plays a role in various cellular processes, including cell migration, tissue repair, and regulation of inflammation. TB4-Frag peptide therapy has gained attention in the field of regenerative medicine and has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications.
Some of the common primary uses and areas of research for TB4-Frag include:
Tissue Repair and Wound Healing: Researchers have explored TB4-Frag’s potential to enhance tissue repair and accelerate wound healing. It is believed to trigger the migration of cells to the site of injury, encourage angiogenesis (the creation of new blood vessels), and control inflammation to promote the healing process.
Muscle and Tendon Injuries: Studies have explored the potential of TB4-Frag in promoting healing and recovery from muscle and tendon injuries. It has shown promising effects in animal models by promoting tissue regeneration and reducing inflammation.
Cardiac Health: Research has also investigated the role of TB4-Frag in cardiac health. It has demonstrated potential benefits in protecting and repairing damaged heart tissue, improving cardiac function, and enhancing angiogenesis.
Neurological Disorders: Some studies suggest that TB4-Frag may have neuroprotective effects and could be beneficial in the treatment of neurological disorders. It has shown potential in promoting neuronal survival, reducing inflammation in the brain, and enhancing neurogenesis (generation of new neurons).
Anti-inflammatory Effects: TB4-Frag has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by modulating inflammatory processes and reducing the release of pro-inflammatory molecules.
It’s crucial to emphasize that TB4-Frag remains in the experimental stage for human use. Its safety and effectiveness in treating various conditions have yet to be fully established, despite ongoing research and interest.
Can’t Weight (DNF-10®, property of Fytexia)
Can’t Weight (DNF-10®, property of Fytexia) is a protein hydrolysate peptide blend that acts on food intake modulators at the hypothalamic and digestive levels. This blend has been shown to help lower caloric intake and reduce body fat mass.
Mechanism of action DNF-10®: decreasing food intake
It has been demonstrated that there is a significant impact on the modulators of short-term food intake at both the hypothalamic level (NPY) and the digestive level, resulting in a decrease in the hunger hormone ghrelin.
Over the longer term, DNF-10® also regulates our cellular secretion of leptin, the satiety hormone.
Recommended daily dosage: 500 mg
DNF-10® benefits have been studied in several clinical studies on a total of 135 subjects involving different delivery systems.
+ Learn more about the scientific results on the dedicated website
Optimizer (CJC-1295 0.5mg/Ipamorelin 1mg)– combination sublingual tablet
Studies have shown that the Optimizer combination peptide therapy, comprising both CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin, surpasses the effectiveness of either ingredient when used in isolation.
CJC-1295: As a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, CJC-1295 has been shown to steadily increase growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). CJC-1295 stimulates growth hormone secretion with no increase in prolactin, leading to fat loss and increased lean muscle mass, as well as increased protein synthesis. A benefit of using CJC-1295 in a daily sublingual tablet versus weekly injection is that daily dosing provides GHRH around the clock, promoting growth hormone release in the early morning hours, and mimicking the body’s natural rhythm. CJC-1295 also promotes slow wave sleep, or deep sleep, which is important for muscle growth and memory retention. Studies have shown that since slow-wave sleep decreases significantly with age, the use of CJC-1295 promotes the GHRH response, which induces deeper sleep, especially in adults middle-aged and older.
Ipamorelin: A growth hormone-releasing peptide that stimulates the body’s own natural production of growth hormone, ipamorelin promotes strength, anti-aging processes, and healing. Benefits of Ipamorelin include an increase in lean muscle mass, decrease in body fat, regulation of blood pressure, increased testosterone production, smoothing of wrinkles, healthier skin, increased bone strength, and improved quality of sleep.
Unlike similar peptides which stimulate the release of growth hormone, Ipamorelin does not produce unwanted side effects such as intense hunger or spikes in cortisol and prolactin.
Side Effects: Occasional irritation under the tongue (we prescribe it into a sublingual drop if the patient experiences this)
Contraindications: Recent cancer due to increase in growth factors
Dosage and Route: Optimizer is compounded into sublingual tablets, which dissolve under the tongue. This combination peptide is most beneficial when dosed at bedtime, at least 90 minutes after the last meal of the day, as it prompts the body to mimic the natural release of growth hormone. It is recommended that Optimizer be taken once daily on an empty stomach.
Additional Information: Your provider may order a blood test prior to prescribing this peptide.
Function (PT-141) – 0.5mg or 1mg sublingual tablet
The Function peptide therapy, which contains PT-141 or Bremelanotide, is used to help improve sexual dysfunction in both men (erectile dysfunction or impotence) and women (sexual arousal disorder). Researchers developed PT-141 from the tanning peptide, Melanotan 2. This synthetic version of a naturally occurring peptide hormone in the body stimulates melanogenesis, or alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). MSH activates certain melanocortin receptors in the process of exerting its effects. MSH exerts a potent influence on lipid metabolism, appetite, and sexual libido. Studies have demonstrated that PT-141 activates melanocortin receptors MC1R and MC4R, resulting in enhanced libido, while it does not affect skin tanning. Unlike Viagra® and other related medications, it does not act upon the vascular system, but instead directly increases sexual desire via the nervous system.
Side Effects: Occasional headaches, nausea, and flushing. Men have reported that headaches experienced from popular erectile dysfunction medications like Viagra® and Cialis were more intense and lasted longer than those experienced with PT-141.
Dosage and Route: Function is compounded into sublingual tablets, which dissolve under the tongue. A standard starting dose in both men and women is 1mg daily. Many patients, both men and women, work up to 2mg daily finding it to be an optimal dose. We recommend taking PT-141 on an empty stomach.
Additional Information: Most men who have used Function, report that they were able to more easily achieve an erection within 30 minutes to 1 hour after taking this peptide and that the effects of increased libido may last up to 24 hours. Women often experience a quicker onset of action, dosing only 15 to 20 minutes prior to sex, and therefore the effects also dissipate quicker than in men.
Repair (BPC-157) – 0.5mg and 1mg sublingual tablet or oral capsule
The body produces BPC-157, also referred to as Body Protecting Compound, in minute quantities within gastric juices. Its role is to safeguard and promote healing in both the upper and lower sections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. For this reason, BPC-157 peptide therapy is useful in the treatment of ulcers, esophageal irritation, and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. BPC-157 hastens the recovery of torn muscles, detached tendons, and damaged ligaments. Studies have demonstrated that BPC-157 protects against injury-related trauma, reducing the incidence of hemorrhage, laceration, and edema in conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussion.
Side Effects: None reported with sublingual delivery
Dosage and Route: Repair is compounded both as a capsule and sublingual tablet. The capsule concentrates on the specific task of repairing the GI tract, whereas research suggests that the sublingual tablet excels in restoring gut function but finds its primary application in the repair of tendons and muscle tissue following injury or surgery.
It is recommended that Repair, in both capsule and sublingual tablet form, be taken on an empty stomach.
Brain (Semax) – 0.5mg sublingual tablet
Semax peptide therapy is frequently used for its neurogenic, neurorestorative, nootropic (cognitive enhancing), and neuroprotective effects.
Benefits:
Side Effects: Transient headache or feeling of ‘heartbeat in the ear’
Dosage and Route: Semax is compounded into sublingual tablets, which dissolve under the tongue. It is recommended that Semax be taken on an empty stomach, at a starting dose of one 0.5mg sublingual tablet in the morning, and an additional tablet in the afternoon if symptoms persist.
Rejuvenation (Epitalon) – 0.5mg sublingual tablet
Peptide therapy utilizes Epitalon for its anti-aging and anti-carcinogenic properties. In animal studies, Epitalon has demonstrated its influence on melatonin secretion and telomerase activity. Epitalon may also go by alternative names such as epithalone, epithalon, LS-72251, or CID2192042.
Anti-carcinogenic: Epitalon inhibits the growth of cancerous tumors by preventing the development of early-stage tumors through the pineal gland. It activates melatonin secretion, leading to a decrease in the incidence of tumor growth, as there is an inverse relationship between melatonin secretion and malignant tumor growth.
Promotes normal deep sleep patterns: The pineal gland, which secretes melatonin, is responsible for sleep patterns. Epitalon stimulates the production of melatonin through its action on the pineal gland, increasing the ability to achieve deep sleep, which supports a healthy immune system.
Anti-aging: The aging process is largely dictated by the long-term maintenance of our DNA, specifically related to chromosome preservation. Chromosomes, which are responsible for our genetic makeup, have telomeres on their ends, which shorten each time that cell division takes place. However, with aging, telomeres shorten extensively, and eventually, cell division stops. Studies have indicated that the shortening of telomeres is linked to age-related diseases which may lead to deterioration and early death. Telomerase, an enzyme produced naturally in the body, helps to decrease the progressive shortening of telomeres which may lead to age-related diseases. Telomerase production does decline with age. Epitalon helps to reactivate telomerase production, strengthen and lengthen telomeres, and promote longevity. Ultimately this production of telomerase decreases cell death and degeneration while extending the lifespan of our cells and protecting against many age-related diseases.
Side Effects: None reported
Dosage and Route: Rejuvenation is compounded into sublingual tablets, which dissolve under the tongue. It is recommended that Rejuvenation be taken on an empty stomach, at a starting dose of one 0.5mg sublingual tablet daily.
Immune (Thymosin alpha-1) – 0.5mg sublingual tablet
Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα-1) is a powerful modulator of immunity and inflammation. Studies have shown that Tα-1 plays a role in decreasing the
pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases by decreasing continual inflammation and supporting immunity. Individuals with chronic inflammation or autoimmune diseases often exhibit significantly lower levels of Tα-1 in their blood. Therefore, by replacing Tα-1, we can better regulate the immune response. Tα-1 regulates the immune response by primarily acting on cells of the innate immune system, therefore acting as an endogenous regulator of both inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. In mice studies, giving Tα-1 has been shown to increase natural killer (NK) cell activity in mice with cancer, but not healthy mice, proving the selective action on those who may benefit from Tα-1 Peptide therapy.
Benefits:
Side Effects: None reported
Dosage and Route: Thymosin Alpha can be compounded into sublingual tablets, which dissolve under the tongue. It is recommended that Immune be taken on an empty stomach, at a starting dose of one 0.5mg sublingual tablet daily.
If you’re interested in peptide therapy and would like to request a consultation with Text2MD, you can click here to request a consultation. We will be able to provide you with the necessary information and guide you through peptide therapy. Don’t hesitate to reach out to Text2MD to explore your options and discuss your specific needs and concerns with their healthcare professionals.
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Disclaimer: Note on all peptides listed here: In many cases, peptides may be taken concurrently, as they exhibit different mechanisms of action. The use of these peptides has not been studied in women who are pregnant or lactating.
The FDA has not approved the use of peptides for managing or diagnosing any medical conditions.
Peptide therapy is a specialized and intricate field that warrants careful consideration under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional. While this article offers general insights into peptide therapy, it’s crucial to stress the strong recommendation for seeking medical consultation before commencing any peptide-based treatments. When contemplating peptide therapy, it is essential to take into account personal health conditions, medical history, and specific requirements. The information provided here is for educational purposes only and should not be seen as a replacement for professional medical guidance.
Always consult with a licensed healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations tailored to your specific health situation.
Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498804/
PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV Uptake Reduces Intestinal Inflammation
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016508507018525
Terminal Signal: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Related Peptides Beyond the Pharmacophore
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_8
Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6743256/
Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in osteoarthritis
https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-016-0280-1
vasoactive intestinal peptide
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/vasoactive-intestinal-peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects
https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article/49/1/27/293330
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16539679/
Therapeutic effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) in patients with chronic, pronounced pain episodes. A clinical pilot study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6548970/
Some Pharmacological Effects of Delta-Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP)
Skin Regenerative and Anti-Cancer Actions of Copper Peptides
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/5/2/29
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data
Theoretical study of copper binding to GHK peptide
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1476927120302000
Epigenetic mechanisms activated by GHK-Cu increase skin collagen density in clinical trial
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/990464
Efficiently generate functional hepatic cells from human pluripotent stem cells by complete small-molecule strategy
https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-022-02831-1
Cognitive benefits of angiotensin IV and angiotensin-(1–7): A systematic review of experimental studies
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763418300290
Peptide fragment of thymosin β4 increases hippocampal neurogenesis and facilitates spatial memory
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26363149/
Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8751378/
New Research Paper Suggests RegeneRx’s Thymosin Beta 4 May be Useful in Treating COVID-19
Protective effect of Tβ4 on central nervous system tissues and its developmental prospects
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2058739220934559
Fytexia sharing new research on satiety weight-management ingredient at SupplySide West
DNF-10 – Fytexia
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/
PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14963471/
Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30915550/
The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010
Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4–10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306987706005391
Semax as a Universal Drug for Therapy and Research
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/s1062359018060055
Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia–Reperfusion in Rats
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/6/681
AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic Mechanism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7037223/
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7747025/
Thymosin α1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: The Mechanism and Clinical Application
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/8/3539
Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/71/16/2150/5842185
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